考虑水土保持拦沙效益的水库设计输沙量分析

陕北黄土高原的水土流失严重地制约着当地经济和社会的发展。为此,人们开展了一系列的水土保持治理工作,并取得了明显的拦沙效果。然而,在水利工程设计,特别是无资料流域水库设计输沙量的确定等方面,如何考虑这种拦沙作用,目前尚缺乏成熟的方法。结合水库设计实例,综合分析了相似流域的水库实测泥沙淤积资料及水文站的实测泥沙资料。考虑水土保持与生态建设拦沙效益对水库设计输沙量的影响,探讨了水库设计输沙量的合理确定途径。     

人工柠条林地土壤水分补给和消耗动态变化规律

黄土高原地区水资源缺乏，水资源，特别是土壤水资源的适度开发和合理利用势在必行。在黄土丘陵半干旱区的上黄生态试验站对多年生人工柠条林林冠截留，地表径流，土壤水分和植物生长等进行了定位观测，对林地土壤水分补给和消耗动态变化规律进行分析。结果表明，人工柠条林次降雨林冠截留随降水量增加而逐渐增加，地表径流与林外降雨量为直线关系。影响土壤水分补给的主要因素为天然降水，其次为林冠截留。土壤水分补给量与降雨量为线性关系；降水对土壤水分的影响程度随深度的增加而减弱，土壤水分最大入渗深度为170～270cm。偏早年随着柠条林生长并进入速生期，柠条林地耗水量加大，土壤早化加剧。丰水年土壤补给量剧增，但柠条林依然生长不良，储存在土壤中的水分只能等到来年被植物吸收利用。     

北方城市利用绿地滞蓄汛雨的分析与研究

以雨水、绿地和硬化面为研究对象，根据不同降水重现期来分析不同比例集水面面积比例和不同下凹深度的绿地对雨水的入渗和产流系数，通过数据计算和分析，得出比较明显的结果，采用下凹式绿地对滞蓄和入渗雨水效果显著，雨水资源利用的潜力巨大。     

Rainfall variability and its influence on surface flow regimes examples from the central highlands of Ethiopia

The article shows results of an international and interdisciplinary project with the title ‘Rainfall and its Erosivity in Ethiopia’. Rainfall variability affects the water resource management of Ethiopia. The influence of rainfall variability on flow regimes was investigated using five gauging stations with data availability from 1982–1997. It was confirmed that the variability in rainfall has a direct implication for surface runoff. Surface runoff declined at most of the gauging stations investigated. Therefore, effective water resource management is recommended for the study area. Future research should focus on watershed management which includes land-use and land cover. The question posed here is whether the variability in rainfall significantly affected surface flow in the study area.     

Practice to avoid contamination of drainflow and runoff from slurry spreading in spring

Abstract. Use of either three or six occasions to spread similar total amounts of slurry was investigated over the late winter/early spring period in two years, on plots with underdrainage. Slurry was spread on four 7 m by 25 m plots which were instrumented to allow collection of drainflow and runoff. The 'mobile water' pore space allowed transport of a small proportion of applied slurry through the 0.75 m soil profile. Evidence of a polluted 'mobile water' pulse occurred after periods of up to 48 hours following spreading, suggesting subsurface rather than overland flow. Timing of the pulse depended on whether subsequent rainfall accelerated the flow The contaminated flow persisted for 6–12 hours. The worst contamination of 39 mg/l NH₄⁺ -N occurred under 'bypass flow' conditions, when 52 mm of rain fell during the 48 hours after a 5.2 mm application. Two contributory factors appeared important. The first was the long duration of the high intensity storm and the second was an extended period of severe frost believed to have created fissures associated with frost heave. Making several applications of slurry in amounts less than 35 m³/ha is preferable to fewer larger applications during spring, for cereals on medium to heavy soils. This recognises the likelihood of there being underdrainage on arable land and the optimal use of well-drained, partially frozen ground to avoid compaction by slurry tankers.     

黄土高原半干旱区水土保持植被恢复限度——以人工柠条林为例

为了确定水资源不足地区植被恢复潜力和水土保持林建设目标,在黄土丘陵半干旱区宁夏固原上黄试区,对相同立地条件的16年生人工柠条林进行疏伐,建立不同密度林地,进行林分密度、森林植被水土保持效益和土壤水分关系的定位实验。结果表明：平均基径随密度的增加而减少,二者为线性关系;盖度随密度的增加而增大,盖度与密度为对数关系;林冠截留随密度的增加而增大,二者为指数关系;地表径流随密度的增加而减少,二者为对数关系;泥沙含量随密度的减少而增加,二者关系可用倒S形曲线描述。虽然密度增加,盖度增加,森林植被水土保持效益增强,但是受土壤水资源的限制,柠条林有一个最大恢复限度。当超过限度时,势必会引发或加剧土壤旱化。     

Effects on soils and leaching after application of dolomite to an acidified forested catchment in the Lake Gårdsjön watershed,south-west Sweden

The dry forest soils (80%) of a 3.3 ha catchment in Gårdsjön, were treated with 1.5 ton/ha dolomite in 1984. In half the catchment an additional dose of 4.5 ton/ha was added in 1986 (i.e. totaly 6 ton/ha). By 1991 the concentrations of exchangeable calcium and magnesium had increased by 450% to 800% in the humus layer and upper 0–5 cm of the mineral soils and by 500% and 300%, respectively, in the 5–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depth in the 6 ton/ha part. By 1.5 ton, Ca and Mg increased in humus and 0–5 cm in the mineral soil. Potassium decreased in the humus and the mineral soil with both 1.5 ton and 6 ton per ha. The accumulated output of K by runoff was however only 1 kg during the 6 years until 1992, which indicates that the losses from the soil also may have resulted in increased uptake by the forest. Tree growth and nutrient content in current needles was, however, unchanged. Increased contents of Mg, Ca and Zn was observed in some species of ground vegetation. Nitrate and ammonium concentrations and fluxes in runoff were identical to the reference catchment, while inorganic Al and Mn decreased by 40–50% and H⁺ by 30%. The accumulated extra output by runoff of Mg was about 7% and of Ca 0.6% of the amounts applied by the two treatments in 1984 and 1986.     

红壤坡地雨水产流及其土壤流失的垫面反应

通过4年(1998～2001年)径流场定位观测研究,探明了不同植被垫面雨水产流过程中系统水土流失有显著性差异。水流失量为农作区>常绿灌木区、针叶林区>常绿果园区>退化区、恢复区。坡地不同垫面间雨水地表径流的差异存在,为坡地雨水利用和利用坡地集雨支持农田灌溉提供了依据和可调控性。土壤流失量受人为干预、耕作强度的影响很大,坡地从自然保护到作物栽培,系统的土壤流失量提高20倍。茶果林地的土壤流失低于作物耕种的2～3倍,而高于自然利用和自然保护的6～12倍。养分流失在数量和质量上皆取决于垫面构成。提出了利用坡地集雨优势,构建与单元生态系统水循环平衡相适应的坡地农林复合生态系统,并通过水平衡生态建设来维系生态系统的水分平衡。     

晋西黄土残源沟壑区不同林分暴雨产流产沙作用分析

 通过对晋西黄土残塬沟壑区不同林分的径流场近6年的定位观测,分析林分对产流产沙的影响。结果表明:由山杨、油松、虎棒子、绣线菊、黄刺梅形成的次生林及虎榛子灌木林林分暴雨时产流产沙远较其他林分少;林草型林草带状间作、草林型林草带状间作和果园有较好的水土保持功能;低质量整地的果农复合经营模式暴雨时产流产沙较其他类型多,但在细致整地后其产流产沙明显减少;刺槐纯林林分郁闷度大、林下草本和枯落物量大,则暴雨时产流产沙少。